基于耕作半径的采矿复垦区农村居民点安置规模预测

耕作半径对农村居民点的规模具有重要影响,而地形则是耕作半径的决定因素之一。该文采用耕聚比和缓冲区分析的方法,对比采矿前后农村居民点的耕作半径变化。考虑研究区地形起伏的影响,计算耕作半径地形修正系数,确定最优耕作半径。在此基础上预测矿区复垦后可安置农村居民点的面积、数量及人口。研究结果表明:平朔复垦区农村居民点耕作半径地形修正系数为1.6836,复垦区规划农村居民点最优耕作半径为1 500 m;复垦区预测回迁安置农村居民点总规模约651.24 hm2,共67个农村居民点;预测单个农村居民点面积9.72 hm2,控制耕地面积约109.68 hm2;预测回迁安置总人口约29 521人,共7 380户,该研究结果可为露天采矿复垦区农村居民点回迁安置规模与布局提供决策支持。     

Hierarchical classification of environmental factors and agricultural practices affecting soil fauna under cropping systems using Bt maize

The population dynamics of soil organisms under agricultural field conditions are influenced by many factors, such as pedology and climate, but also farming practices such as crop type, tillage and the use of pesticides. To assess the real effects of farming practices on soil organisms it is necessary to rank the influence of all of these parameters. Bt maize (Zea mays L.), as a crop recently introduced into farming practices, is a genetically modified maize with the Cry1Ab gene which produces a protein toxic to specific lepidopteran insect pests. To assess the effects of Bt maize on non-target soil organisms, we conducted research at a field site in Foulum (Denmark) with a loamy sand soil containing 6.4% organic matter. The study focused on populations of springtails (Collembola) and earthworms (Oligochaeta) from samples taken at the beginning and at the end of the maize crop-growing season during 2 consecutive years. Farming practices, soil parameters, the biological structure of soil communities, and the type and age of the crop at the time of sampling, were used as attributes to predict the total abundance of springtails and biomass of earthworms in general and the abundance or biomass for specific functional groups (epigeic, endogeic and anecic groups for earthworms, and eu-, eu to hemi-, hemi-, hemi to epi- and epiedaphic groups for Collembola). Predictive models were built with data mining tools, such as regression trees that predict the value of a dependent variable from a set of independent variables. Regression trees were constructed with the data mining system M5′. The models were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative measures of performance and two models were selected for further interpretation: anecic worms and hemi-epiedaphic Collembola. The anecic worms (r²=0.83) showed preferences for less clay and more silt soil with medium pH but were not influenced directly by farming practices. The biomass of earthworms was greater in early autumn than in spring or late autumn. Biomass of hemi-epiedaphic Collembola (r²=0.59) increased at the end of the maize growing season, while higher organic matter content and pH tended to increase their biomass in spring. Greater abundance of Collembola was also noted in early autumn if the crop was non-Bt maize. The models assessed by this research did not find any effects of the Bt maize cropping system on functional groups of soil fauna.     

基于理想点法的矿区生态环境敏感性评价

[目的]对河北省保定市涞源县13个主要矿区进行生态环境敏感性评价,旨在为矿区生态环境评价和治理提供理论基础和技术保障。[方法]通过PSR框架模型建立矿区生态环境敏感性评价指标体系,并引入理想点(TOPSIS)法。[结果](1)空间布局上,涞源县南部矿区生态环境质量较差,中部矿区中等,而北部矿区较好;(2)具体矿区上,塔崖驿乡矿区、东团堡乡矿区生环境敏感性最好,而乌龙沟乡矿区最差。[结论]引入TOPSIS法进行小尺度县域矿区范围内生态环境敏感性评价,评价过程简便易行,可操作性强,且不受评价指标个数的影响,评价结果更加准确、客观、实用,能很好地反映涞源县各矿区生态环境的优劣程度及区域差异。     

高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖的最佳配比

为了全面有效地考虑多种因素对高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖的影响,运用正交试验设计方法对高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖进行了试验。通过对试验结果的系统分析,优选出了具有最佳性能的配比方案,提出了目前适应高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖的生产工艺。     

煤炭资源供需形势与战略储备分析研究——以山西晋城市为例

受资源结构与技术水平等多重因素的制约,煤炭资源在我国的能源供需形势中占主导地位。对山西省晋城市的煤炭储量现状和煤炭资源静态保证年限、煤炭资源需求以及煤炭供需平衡进行了分析,提出了晋城市煤炭战略储备的必要性,针对我国战略储备中存在的问题,提供了一些对策和建议。     

Effects of mountaintop mining on fish distributions in central Appalachia

Mountaintop mining with valley fills (MTM/VF) is the main source of landscape change in central Appalachia. While our knowledge of the local‐scale effects of MTM/VF on stream chemistry and biotic assemblages has recently improved, the effects at the landscape scale are less well known. In this study, we explore the effects of MTM/VF on the distributions of six fish species with contrasting ecologies in the upper Kentucky River basin, an area heavily affected by MTM/VF. Using a museum‐based data set of 239 occurrence records, land use/land cover data and boosted regression tree modelling, we were able to create robust predictive models for the focal species (AUCs = 0.82–0.93). Models explained from 41.2 to 71.9% of the variation in species distributions. We detected a marked negative influence of MTM/VF in four of the six species distribution models – with relative influences ranging from 5.9–12.7%. Species typically inhabiting faster‐flowing riffle and run mesohabitats appeared to respond more strongly to MTM/VF. Interestingly, the mean patch size of MTM/VF was more influential than the overall proportion of the watershed affected by MTM/VF in our models. Thus, our data suggest the spatial pattern of mining disturbance is very important in determining the cumulative impact of MTM/VF. Considering the central Appalachian region is a continental hot spot for freshwater biodiversity, establishing a firm understanding of the effects of MTM/VF at the landscape scale is essential if we wish to protect these natural resources.     

Assessing the success of experimental rehabilitation on a coastal mineral sands mine in Namaqualand,South Africa§

The success of different rehabilitation treatments following surface mining on the arid west coast of South Africa was assessed. Treatments consisting of one or a combination of topsoil addition, plant translocation and seeding were applied to experimental rehabilitation sites in 2001, while the treatment of another site in 2008 combined all three techniques. Vegetation and species cover, species richness, diversity and evenness, and grazing capacity of rehabilitation sites were sampled during winter 2009 and summer 2010, and compared with a reference site. All rehabilitated sites achieved the objective to attain a minimum grazing capacity of 20 ha per small stock unit. Rehabilitation trials were successful in establishing a vegetation cover, but were unable to return species richness and diversity to reference levels and did not resemble the reference site in species composition. Common species in reference sites were absent or only occurred in low numbers. No treatment outperformed the others and further experimentation is needed to determine the most suitable combination. It is recommended that rehabilitation should be done in multiple stages in future to improve seedling survival and to return species that are unable to establish in the adverse conditions present at the onset of rehabilitation.     

双掺大流动性混凝土性能研究

研究了不同粉煤灰掺量对双掺大流动性混凝土性能的影响,并结合高效减水剂及粉煤灰的水化机理及混凝土抗压强度、碳化深度对双掺大流动性混凝土作了一定的性能分析论述,总结出其抗压强度及碳化深度之间存在的关系。     

矿业农庄：改善矿区民生的有益探索

“十二五”规划将坚持保障和改善民生作为转变经济发展方式的根本出发点和落脚点。河南省超越集团以改善矿区民生为目标，创立了“矿业农庄”模式。“矿业农庄”包括矿业、农业、农庄三个部分，通过合资、合作、培训等方式，实现了矿区新型城镇化、新型工业化和新型农业现代化的协调发展。“矿业农庄”重点发展矿业循环经济产业、农业循环经济产业和新农村建设三大产业，增加了农民就业、改善了农民生活、提高了农民素质，带动了矿区及周边农村地区的发展。     

PINUS INSULARIS IN NORTHERN RHODESIA

A study was undertaken of silvicultural, “mechanical” and combined methods of thinning. A comparison between the methods, on the basis of productivity and costs, showed that a 1 in 9 combined, log-length method was the most efficient while the 1 in 3 combined, tree-length method was the least efficient.